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The Turkish ney is an end-blown reed flute, an Ottoman variation on the ancient ney. Together with the Turkish tanbur lute and Turkish kemençe fiddle are considered the most typical instruments of Classical Turkish music. The ney also plays a primary role in the music of the Mevlevi Sufi rites (semâ).
Description
Werner is currently finding interest in handcrafting and playing wood flutes from all over the world in their traditional styles as part of his performances. These typically involve playing pan flutes, Bansuri flutes from India, the Ney flute of the Middle East and the enclosed ended Ocarina’s of vessel flutes of every shape and size.
A rim-blown, oblique flute made of giant reed (Arundo donax), the Turkish ney has six finger-holes on the front and a high-set thumb-hole on the back. The thumb hole is not centered, but rather is angled to the left or right depending on whether the instrument was intended to be played with the left or right hand on top.
A feature that distinguishes it from similar instruments of other cultures is the flared mouthpiece or lip-rest, called a bashpare, traditionally made of water buffalo horn, ivory, or ebony, but in modern times many are plastic or similar durable material.
The Turkish ney is played by pressing the bashpare against nearly-closed lips and angling the flute so that a narrow air-stream can be blown from the center of the lips against the interior edge to the left or right, depending on whether the flute is left- or right-handed in construction.[1] This technique gives a lower volume, but a better controlled sound compared to the technique used with the Persian ney or the Mongolian tsuur, which are played by tucking the mouthpiece under the upper lip and making contact with the teeth.[2]
Besides the finger holes, the pitch is altered by adjusting the embouchure, angle and force of the breath, with more forceful producing the higher pitches.
Compared to most fipple flutes and reed instruments, the ney is very difficult to play at first, often taking several weeks of practice to produce a proper sound at all, and even more to produce the full range of pitches. A skilled ney player can sound around 100 identifiable different tones in a two-and-a-half octave range or more.
Sizes
Before the tone naming convention do-re-mi-etc. was adopted in Turkey, the notes had full long names which still partially are in use in ney circles, for example as names of fingering for a given perde (the set of pitches used in the performance).
Perde Name | Fingering | Note (Lowest register of a Mansur Ney) |
---|---|---|
Neva | ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ | D |
Nim hicaz | ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ | #C |
Çargah | ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ | C |
Segah | ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ | H |
Kürdi | ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ | ♭H |
Dügah | ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ | A |
Rast | ● ● ● ● ● ● ● | G |
Neys come in many lengths, each producing a different key. Professional players usually possess a range of ney in different keys so they match to other instruments in an ensemble.
- In some Turkish musical circles, the 'pitch' (akord) of a ney is determined by the tone produced of its rast perde. For example some refer to the note generated with all holes closed, meaning Davud would be in E, Bolahenk nısfiye would be in D, and Ṣah would be in F.
- In others, the pitch is determined using the note (perde) which matches A=440 Hz (diyapazon). This pitch is one note higher, e.g., Mansur being A/La rather than G/Sol. The lengths below are approximate, as it can vary somewhat due to the natural characteristics of the individual reed.
Ney name | Length (average) | Dügah tone (old name) | Dügah tone (Turkish) | Dügah tone (piano) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bolahenk Nısfiye | 520 mm | Hüseyni | La | E / Mi |
Bolahenk-Süpürde Mabeyni | 550 mm | Hisar | Sol diyez | E♭ / Mi bemol |
Süpürde Ney | 580 mm | Neva | Sol | D / Re |
Müstahsen | 620 mm | Nim Hicaz | Fa diyez | C♯ / Do diyez |
Yıldız Ney | 665 mm | Çargah | Fa | C / Do |
Kız Ney | 710 mm | Buselik | Mi | H / Si |
Kız-Mansur Mabeyni | 745 mm | Dik Kürdi | Mi bemol | B♭ / Si bemol |
Mansur Ney | 780 mm | Dügah | Re | A / La |
Mansur-Şah Mabeyni | 820 mm | Zirgüle | Do diyez | G♯ / Sol diyez |
Şah Ney | 860 mm | Rast | Do | G / Sol |
Davud Ney | 910 mm | Irak | Si | F♯ / Fa diyez |
Davud-Bolahenk Mabeyni | 970 mm | Acem Aşiran | Si bemol | F / Fa |
Bolahenk Ney | 1 m 40 mm | Hüseyni Aşiran | La | E / Mi |
Players
![Ney flute made sizes Ney flute made sizes](/uploads/1/2/5/7/125755740/484862339.jpg)
A Turkish ney player is referred to as a neyzen. A curious distinction in the Turkish language is that playing the ney is described using the verb üflemek ('blow') whereas for all other instrumentalists one uses the verb çalmak ('play/brush'). It is speculated that the ney's close identification with the Mevlevi Sufis might be the origin of this usage (God made Adam out of mud, and then 'blew' life into it).
Noted modern ney players include Niyazi Sayın, Akagündüz Kutbay, Sadreddin Özçimi, Kudsi Erguner, Süleyman Erguner (torun) and Münip Utandı.
Fingering
The following is a description of how fingering, blow angle and blow intensity (roughly represented with symbols for wind speed and direction borrowed from USNWS) are combined to create the tones in a popular scale ('Hüseyni') on a common Turkish ney type (Bolahenk).[3] Note that some pitches can be produced two different ways.
Blow | Fingering | Hertz | Note |
---|---|---|---|
● ● ● ● ● ● ● | 587 | A | |
● ● ● ● ● ● ○ | 660 | B | |
● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ | 739 | C | |
● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ | 783 | D | |
● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ | 880 | E | |
○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ | 927 | F | |
○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ | 1043 | G | |
● ● ● ● ● ● ● | 1174 | A | |
● ● ● ● ● ● ○ | 1321 | B | |
● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ | - | C | |
● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ | 1566 | D | |
● ● ● ● ● ● ● | 1761 | E | |
● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ | 1761 | E | |
● ● ● ● ● ● ○ | - | F | |
● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ | - | G | |
● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ | 2348 | A | |
● ● ● ● ● ● ● | 2348 | A | |
● ● ● ● ● ● ○ | - | B | |
● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ | - | B | |
● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ | - | C | |
● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ | 3132 | D | |
● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ | 3522 | E | |
● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ | - | F | |
● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ | - | G | |
● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ | 4696 | A | |
● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ | - | B |
There are hundreds of similar scales in use in classical Turkish music. Hüseyni is probably the most frequently used. A dozen of the most common scales account for an important majority of all Turkish classical music, while many are seldom used.
Related instruments
The classical Turkish ney's closest relatives in other countries, the Arab nay and the Persian ney, do not use a mouthpiece, but rather blow against the sharpened edge of the tube. In Turkish folk music, one type of ney (dilli kaval) has a fipple; the other type (dilsiz) is a rim-blown oblique flute, as is the Turkish classical ney. The Bulgarian kaval, a folk instrument, resembles the Turkish dilsiz folk ney. The Romanian nai is a panpipe rather than a flute, but may be related etymologically and morphologically.
Popular media
Ney Taksimi/Aziz İstanbul a composition by Münip Utandı is the most sampled Turkish ney song on the Internet, being sampled by several media. Ney Taksimi means improvisation at the ney instrument. The following is a table showing the songs that used the original sample (the first 2 min. of the recording linked at top row).
Artist | Track | Year | Genre | Album | Link |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Münip Utandı | Ney Taksimi Aziz İstanbul | 1998 | Traditional Turkish Folk | N/A | izlesene |
Tulku | Spiral Dance | 1998 | World | Season Of Souls | youtube |
Muslimgauze | Turkish Sword Swallower | 2000 | Tribal, Experimental | Sufique EP | youtube |
Karunesh | Alibaba | 2000 | New Age | Global Spirit | youtube |
Africanism | Slave Nation | 2003 | Tribal House | Slave Nation | youtube |
Christophe Goze | Mosaic | 2003 | New Age | World, Middle East, India ANW 1052 | audionetwork |
Sergio Marques | Morningside | 2007 | Trance | Special Collector's Edition 2 | beatport |
King Mokka | Léïli | 2007 | Electro House | Léïli | youtube |
YOJI | Sandwich (Nhato Remix) | 2011 | House, Techno, Hard Trance | Sandwich EP | youtube |
BluSkay & KeyPlayer | Giza | 2014 | Progressive Trance | N/A | youtube |
Alexandre Bergheau & Geert Huinink | Desert Wings (Original Mix) | 2015 | Trance | Desert Wings | youtube |
References
- Signell, Karl. 'Meetings with a remarkable man: Neyzen Akagündüz Kutbay,' Festschrift for Robert Garfias (in press)
- Tammer, Anthony. 'Construction of the Turkish Ney,' Turkish Music Quarterly V/4-VI/1 (1993)
- Erguner, Süleyman. Ney metod Quarto, 351 pages, b/w, color illustr., 2 CDs. ISBN 975-97801-0-0
- ^'Ney Lesson 3 (English dub)'. YouTube. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
- ^http://persianney.com/technique.html persian ney
- ^Satilmis Yayla. 'Fingering of two popular scales on two common Turkish ney types'. fromnorway.net. Archived from the original on 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2015-09-08.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
External links
- 'Construction of the Turkish Ney,' by Anthony Tamer in TMQ
- 'Construction of Turkish and Arabic Ney + music samples in Greece,'
- Improvisation by Süleyman Erguner on Ṣah ney (excerpt) 00:01:58, 4.7 MB, mp3
- NeyAtolye - Turkish Ney Flute Workshop, Izmir - TURKEY (English) extensive information about the Turkish Ney.
See also
Akagündüz KutbayAka Gündüz Kutbay (August 17, 1934, Istanbul - August 27, 1979, Istanbul), a leading Turkish ney (oblique rim-blown reed flute) player of the 1960s and 1970s, was known for his traditional sound, deep tones (dem sesleri), and interest in jazz, Tibetan, Indian, and other world musics.
Kutbay was a staff musician for many years at Radio Istanbul, where he considered himself a follower of Ulvi Erguner (Director of Turkish Music) and Ulvi's father, the noted Süleyman Erguner ('Dede'). Kutbay taught ney at the prestigious Turkish Music National Conservatory in Istanbul (İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Türk Musiki Devlet Konservatuarı) from about 1973 to 1979. He served as Head Ney Player (Neyzenbaşı) at the Mevlana Festival in Konya in the early 1970s and led the first North American tour of the Mevlevi Dervishes in 1972 together with Ulvi Erguner.
In Turkey, Aras record label published LPs of his and in the US, Atlantic Records produced 'Music of the Whirling Dervishes' LP (re-released later on CD) featuring Kutbay and Kâni Karaca. Playasound/Auvidis released a CD in 1991 of solo improvisations (taksimler) by Kutbay; the longest of these lasts an extraordinary twenty-three minutes. He appears onscreen briefly playing ney at the beginning of Peter Brook's 1979 film, 'Meetings with Remarkable Men'.
BodrumBodrum (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈbodɾum]) is a district and a port city in Muğla Province, in the southwestern Aegean Region of Turkey. It is located on the southern coast of Bodrum Peninsula, at a point that checks the entry into the Gulf of Gökova, and is also the center of the eponymous district. The city was called Halicarnassus (ancient Greek: Αλικαρνασσός) of Caria in ancient times and was famous for housing the Mausoleum of Mausolus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Built by the Knights Hospitaller in the 15th century, Bodrum Castle overlooks the harbour and the marina. The castle includes a museum of underwater archaeology and hosts several cultural festivals throughout the year. The city had a population of 36,317 in 2012. It takes 50 minutes via boat to reach Kos from Bodrum, with services running multiple times a day by at least three operators.
Chinese flutesChinese flutes come in various types. They include
Transverse Flutes:
Dizi (and its varieties such as the qudi and bangdi; primary transverse flutes, usually made of bamboo and distinctively has a buzzing membrane)
Koudi (a small center-blown mouth flute with open-ends)
Tuliang (a large center-blown flute with open-ends)
Chi (an ancient center-blown transverse flute with closed ends and front finger holes.)
Hengxiao (dizi without membrane)
Xindi (fully chromatic dizi without membrane)
Jiajian Di (keyed dizi without membrane)End-Blown Flutes (air split directly on mouthpiece):
Xiao (end-blown vertical bamboo flute)
Gudi, an ancient vertical flute made from the bones of large birds
Paixiao (pan pipes with distinctive notched or curved blowholes to allow for greater expression)
Xun (clay globular flute)(Uyghur and Mongolian minorities also play a version of the Turkish ney.)
Fipple Flutes (air split through whistle flue duct):
Jiexiao 'Sister xiao' (one of many forms of recorder-style flutes)
Dongdi (special recorder-style flute with additional internal reed)
Paidi (fipple pipes)
Taodi and Wudu (Chinese ocarina.)Free-Reed flutes (use free-reed instead of splitting the airway, but otherwise play in a similar capacity to flute in terms of breath support and fingering.):
Bawu (transverse free-reed flute)
Hulusi (vertical gourd free-reed flute normally with one or two drone pipes)Chinese flutes are generally made from bamboo and belong to the bamboo classification of Chinese music, although they can be (and have been) made of other materials such as jade.
Chris Jennings (musician)Chris Jennings (Christopher, Terry), born in Calgary Canada (1978), is a Canadian jazz (left handed) double bassist, composer, arranger and educator.
End-blown fluteThe end-blown flute (also called an edge-blown flute or rim-blown flute) is a keyless woodwind instrument played by directing an airstream against the sharp edge of the upper end of a tube. Unlike a recorder or tin whistle, there is not a ducted flue voicing, also known as a fipple. Most rim-blown flutes are 'oblique' flutes, being played at an angle to the body's vertical axis. They generate sound by at this end blown voicing by siphon effect. A notched flute is an end-blown flute with a notch on the blowing surface. A lip-valley flute is a type of notched flute.
End-blown flutes are widespread in folk music and art music. In Europe, the Russians have the svirel, attested from at least the 11th century. In the Middle East and Mediterranean the ney is frequently used, constructed from reed. Depictions of early versions of the ney can be found in wall paintings in ancient Egyptian tombs, indicating that it is one of the oldest musical instruments in continuous use. Several ancient Persian artworks depict the use of the ney.
In Turkey the ney and kaval are both end-blown, although one type of Turkish kaval (dilli kaval) has a fipple. The Turkish ney plays a prominent role in classical Turkish music and Mevlevi (Sufi) music. The Arab nay and the Persian ney are similar to the Turkish ney. China has the xiao, Japan has the shakuhachi and Korea has the danso and tongso. People of the Andes play the quena, the Hopi and their predecessors the Anasazi of the American southwest have and had a flute similar to the ney. The washint is an East African flute. Panpipes are rim-blown in the same fashion with their lower ends stopped, bound together in a row or 'raft'.
January 9January 9 is the ninth day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 356 days remain until the end of the year (357 in leap years).
Kudsi ErgunerKudsi Ergüner (born 4 February 1952 in Diyarbakır, Turkey) is a Turkish musician. He is considered a master of traditional Mevlevi Sufi music and is one of the best-known players of the Turkish ney flute.
La Cantiga del FuegoLa Cantiga del Fuego is the third studio album by Ana Alcaide, released in November 12, 2012 and sung in both Spanish and Judeo-Spanish.
Mohamad FityanMohamad Fityan (born 1 August 1984, Aleppo, Syria) is a Syrian musician and composer known for his mastery of the ney and kawala.
Fityan studied under Mohamad Kassas and Berj Kassis. He has performed with the Syrian Orchestra and Syrian Jazz Band since 2003, and has been performing solo concerts since 2005. He received his diploma from the Higher Institute of Music in Damascus in 2010. In 2009, he founded his own band, named Ara-Sham.
Fityan teaches ney and kawala at various institutes across Syria, including the Solhi al-Wadi Institute for Music, the Syrian-Dutch “Music in Me” project supported by UNRWA since 2003, the Al-Assad Youth Institute since 2004, and the UNICEF SOS Village (2007-2009).
![Ney Ney](http://www.secondvoiceflutes.co.uk/images/jacobhizazfull442.jpg)
The ney (Persian: نی / نای), is an end-blown flute that figures prominently in Middle Eastern music. In some of these musical traditions, it is the only wind instrument used. The ney has been played continuously for 4,500–5,000 years, making it one of the oldest musical instruments still in use.
The Persian ney consists of a hollow cylinder with finger-holes. Sometimes a brass, horn, or plastic mouthpiece is placed at the top to protect the wood from damage, and to provide a sharper and more durable edge to blow at. The ney consists of a piece of hollow cane or giant reed with five or six finger holes and one thumb hole. Modern neys may be made instead of metal or plastic tubing. The pitch of the ney varies depending on the region and the finger arrangement. A highly skilled ney player, called neyzen, can reach more than three octaves, though it is more common to have several 'helper' neys to cover different pitch ranges or to facilitate playing technically difficult passages in other dastgahs or maqams.
In Romanian, the word nai is also applied to a curved pan flute while an end-blown flute resembling the Arab ney is referred to as caval.
Niyazi SayınNiyazi Sayın (Turkish pronunciation: [nijaˈzi saˈjɯn]; born 1927), spelled Niyazi Sayin in the West, is a Turkish ney flautist and music educator. For a long time, he has performed duets with tanbur lute player Necdet Yaşar. He is regarded as the most important ney player in Turkish classical music.
Passion (Peter Gabriel album)Passion (re-released as Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ) is an album released in 1989 by the English singer-songwriter Peter Gabriel. It was the first Peter Gabriel album to be released on Real World Records. It is his second soundtrack and eighth album overall. It was originally composed as the soundtrack album for the film The Last Temptation of Christ, but Gabriel spent several months after the film's release further developing the music, finally releasing it as a full-fledged album instead of a movie soundtrack. It is seen as a landmark in the popularisation of world music, and won a Grammy Award for Best New Age Album in 1990. It was remastered with most of Gabriel's catalogue in 2002.
SayınSayın may refer to:
Emel Sayın, Turkish singer
Niyazi Sayın, Turkish ney flautist and music educator
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This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by authors (here).
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Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
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